Theal House is located at the south side of the Brock campus, just north of the Zone Two parking lot. The modest 1 ½ story stone house was built by Samuel Theal around the first half of the 19th century, shortly after his purchase of the land in 1830. It is built of limestone extracted from the Niagara escarpment. The lot is located on what used to be the western section of St. David's road, which once provided passage from Glenridge Avenue to DeCew Falls. With continued development of the Brock campus and restriction of access to property which surrounds the adjacent DeCew Falls hydroelectric development, only graveled remnants of the road remain, used by campus utility vehicles and delineating the boundary line between the municipalities of St. Catharines and Thorold. Theal House and the surrounding land area have served many purposes over the years. Its initial role was as a homestead for Samuel Theal and his family. During the first half of the 20th century the land around the structure was used for wheat farming and viticulture. In the early 1960s, it served as exhibit space to present the plans for a future Brock University. In the 1970s and 80s, it was used as a rehearsal and storage space for the St. Catharines Symphony, and in the 1980s and 90s it became the headquarters for Brock University radio station CKBU. The building has been unofficially renamed several times, and is known variously as Field House, Symphony House, Turney House, and Theal House, as we know it today. It housed Brock University's parking services offices from 2009 until 2017. Today, the surrounding land is occupied by parking lots for the Brock campus. A small community garden is located right next to the building, providing a sharp contrast in land use to the paved and graveled parking lots which surround it.

Literature Sources

1. Hughes, Alun. "Looking Back…with Alun Hughes: The Theal House at Brock University". Newsletter of the Historical Society of St. Catharines. June, 2009; pp. 7-10. Print. Brock University Special Collections & Archives-10th Floor-Stacks FC 3155.4 H84 no. 15. Accessed 14 Sept. 2014.

2. Stokes, Peter J. " Present Field Office: former Turney House". (A letter written to Brock University Dept. of Information and Development by Peter John Stokes, Consulting Restoration Architect, concerning its description and physical condition). 18 Aug. 1969. Brock University Special Collections & Archives-10th Floor-Stacks (FC 3155.68 B75 S76 1969).

3. Ontario Topographical Series Map – Niagara East. 1955. Brock University Map, Data & GIS Library. Call # G3462 N53 G4 S25 C35 Niag. E. (1955). Accessed 18 Sept. 2014.

Municipality: St. Catharines

Local area name: Brock University Campus

Other identifying names or descriptions: South-central section of Brock University campus, just north of the Zone Two parking lot and south of Sir Isaac Brock Boulevard South.

Latitude and longitude: 79°14'51.97"W and 43° 6'56.48"N

Physical Dimensions

Length: 0.5 kilometers

Width: 0.5 kilometers

Surface Area: Approximately 1 sq. kilometer

Elevation:

Highest / lowest point: 167m/174m

The Theal House, a domestic relic of early settlement in the Niagara Region, sits on the south end of the Brock University Campus just north of Zone 2 parking. It served as the office for campus parking services from 2009 until 2017. Decades prior, the structure was used to house the St. Catharines Symphony, Brock's radio station, CFBU, and it also served as a storage facility when Brock was unsure on how to utilize the structure. Before its adoption into the institutionalized setting it served as a homestead for Samuel Theal and his family, from the first half of the 19th century until 1909. The Theals owned the house and the land around it longer than anyone else (Hughes, 2000, p.10). From an agrarian domestic homestead to now a contemporary post-secondary hub, the Theal house, and the surrounding land area that the Brock campus sits on today, provides a significant exposition of land use and the evolution of human dominance over the course of almost two centuries. It illustrates how socio-economics, ecology and cultural values have profoundly influenced the uses and transformations of land to how we recognize the Brock campus today. This report will not only assess Theal house and the small lot it sits on, but more specifically it will assess the park-like green space of the Brock mall and parking area of the surrounding campus area.

Map 1: Location of the Theal House. (Source: Google Maps)

Figure 1a: Google street view of Theal House, looking south from Isaac Brock Boulevard South. (Source: Google Street View)

There is a stark contrast between the Campus area frequented by students and faculty for everyday use to the native deciduous forest area which lies just beyond the old St. David's throughway adjacent to the front entrance of the Theal House. It is from the viewpoint of the Theal house that the passing observer can see the evident juxtaposition of an ecological reserve to the south and the unnatural manicured area to the north. Hough provides a definition of horticulture which is "the art or science of cultivating or managing gardens [embodying] the ideal of nature under control" (2010, p. 87). Brock prides itself on its horticultural excellence. Grounds Services, a division of Facilities management is responsible for the upkeep of the area (Grounds Keeping Website, 2010).

The original campus plan envisioned an outdoor space that encouraged a strong public realm facilitated by fluid pedestrian circulation. "The public realm was seen as way to experience the university and its strong connection to the Niagara Escarpment" (Brock Campus Plan, 2003, p.7). However, the plan didn't take into account the Car's presence in the decades to come, as well as the growth in student enrollment (Brock Campus Plan, 2003, p.7). In order to maintain a natural connection to the surrounding escarpment area the use of automobiles were kept on the periphery of the campus to aid in traffic congestion, hence the expansion of parking lots to the south of Theal House over the last decade. Resulting from this is a vast network of pedestrian walkways bordered by a vast expanse of manicured lawn space.

It is on these grass areas you will find cultivated trees that are sparsely and meticulously arranged, boarding traffic corridors and the Theal house. Such trees are the Willow, The Sugar Maple, the Silver Maple, Royal Empress, Norway Spruce and Blue Spruce. More significantly, the Osage orange tree bears particular importance, as this rare tree was introduced to the area through early settlement. Samuel Theal and his family used them for fencing to deter hungry animals from their crops, and today you can see them bordering the old St. David's throughway and along the bus platform adjacent to Isaacs bar. (Brock Press, 2005).

Figure 2: Blossoms of the Sakura tree.

A tree of significant cultural importance is the Sakura Tree. Two rows of this iconic Japanese tree boarder the north/south traffic corridor as one enters and exits the Schmon Tower loop. These trees were gifted to Brock by the Japanese government in 2003. As a gesture of friendship between Canada and Japan, 100 trees were planted as part of the "Sakura Tree Planting Project, which saw 3,000 Sakura trees planted around Ontario" (Brock Press, 2010, para. 2)." They are purely ornamental and in the spring they adorn the parkway with beautiful white cherry blossoms. (Brock Press, 2010).

Aside from the expansive "human-like" landscape of ornamental trees and vast park-like grass area, just 100 yards to the east of the Theal House is a student organized community garden, D.I.G. (an acronym that stands for Develop, Integrate, and Grow). This garden focuses on growing edible plants and vegetables, such as tomatoes, garlic, herbs, squash, peppers, peas, beans, leafy greens, corn, sunflowers etc. There are fifteen 4 X 6 plots. For most of the spring/summer season these plots are utilized for food production. In the winter of 201415, D.I.G. experimented with cover crops of Winter Rye and oats for soil amendment and as a weed deterrent going into spring.

Unfortunately the manicured lawns don't do much to attract a diversity of wildlife. During the Early spring and throughout the fall, flocks of Canada Geese will stop to rest and feed on the grounds during their seasonal migration. The surrounding escarpment will bring other avian species such as Hawks and Turkey Vultures as well as the Acadian Flycatcher, Hooded Warbler and the Louisiana Waterthrush. (Niagara Escarpment Commission Website, 2004, para. 4)

The community garden plays a large role in attracting wildlife on to campus. One will witness at a micro level how the diversity of plants, especially fruit bearing plants, will attract a diversity of wildlife to the area. Since the introduction of the garden animal and insect species such as the Killdeer, American Toad, field mice, tomato Hornworm, various pollinators and white tailed deer have come out from the depths of the deciduous forest. It is here where we see how humans and nature can co-exist with cognizant dedication.

b) Geomorphology:

The Niagara escarpment provides one of the world's most significant geological features extending from the Niagara River to the tip of the Bruce Peninsula in in Georgian Bay. It was formed by the recession of a shallow sea approximately 300 million years ago. The escarpment is comprised of thick layers of sedimentary rock consisting of soft shale, sandstone and dolomitic limestone. After the recession of water the soft shale eroded resulting in the breaking off dolostone caprock, thus creating a vertical face. The advancement and retreatment of glaciers over the past 1.6 million years also gives the characteristic features of the escarpment as how we recognize it today (Brown et al, 2010, pp.44-45).

The Brock campus sits on the Haldiman clay plain to the south of the escarpment. It is here that the soil is nutrient rich which makes it a desirable location for agricultural uses, especially for growing fruit crops such as apples, peaches and cold-hardy grape varieties (Brown et al., 2010, p. 45).

Today there are no standout features of the land scape around the Theal house. Despite the historical use of the land for growing grain, hay and grape crops, (Army Survey Establishment R.C.E., 1955) the only food production taking place is at the community garden as mentioned in the previous sections. The garden uses black composted soil provided for free by Facilities Management. Also, the gardeners compost the organic waste generated by the garden plots. Other nutrient rich organic matter is added to the plots on a seasonal basis to amend depleted soils after harvesting.

Surrounding this area are manicured lawns and concrete parking lots. Intensive excavating or grading procedures were unnecessary for the construction of the Brock Campus because the area was used for agricultural purposes before construction took place (Army Survey Establishment R.C.E., 1955). The topography is flat and lacking character in relation to the Northern Section of camps along the escarpment.

Since the construction of the campus in 1964, not much has changed. Grass areas remain relatively the same. However, during the 1980's, 1990's and going into 2000's there was a parking lot located to the east of the Theal House across Meter Road. As of 2006, according to aerial photographs, the parking lot west of the house was removed and grass was put in its place. Thus, parking was expanded further south into the Thorold Township. (Canada Dept. of Energy, Mines and Resources, 1960 - '65, '89, '00, '06, '13).

Most of the land space surrounding the Theal house is made up of road ways and parking lots which act as passages – through a system of storm water diversion techniques - for trace metals and petroleum to enter into our water ways. "Lead and zinc are washed out of roads and parking lots [through runoff] in large quantities" (cited by Alberti, 2008, p.151; Mason & Sullivan, 1998).

The landscape is maintained by city water. The watering system uses state-of-the-art automated technology that regulates watering patterns based on precipitation rates and times of day. It has climatic sensors that shut off watering practices when weather is not permitting and grounds keeping prioritizes where and how much certain areas of campus get watered. (Grounds keeping website, 2010)

The Community garden uses a combination of city water from the Theal house and rainwater for plot irrigation. Currently there is one rain barrel at the plots. Next year the garden will explore other methods of collecting rainwater by utilizing the contours of the land area for collection.

There are no major bodies of water located within the human populated portions of the Brock campus. The south portion of the campus remains relatively isolated from any hydrological influence (yet, there is connective relation to Lake Moodie, which I will discuss later). However, that doesn't mean that the human dominated South campus doesn't impact water bodies and collection basins, because it does. Alberti, stresses in his chapter, Hydrological Processes, that impervious surfaces (infrastructural build-up) play a key role in reducing the "ability of watersheds to intercept, retain, and filter rainfall" (2008).

In natural areas, most rainfall is absorbed by biota and filtered back into the atmosphere by a process called 'Evapo-transpiration'; or it's absorbed into land areas. With less human development there is less runoff into major water sheds. All living things benefit more when water is harnessed and utilized by natural entities. Looking at a 2013 Brock Campus aerial photo, based on Alberti's photographic representations of varying impervious landscapes, we can see here that the southern area of the brock campus may experience 20% to 30% of rainfall runoff. (Alberti, 2008, pp.146-47)

The Theal House is an area that is exposed to the elements. Sitting atop the escarpment it is naturally a few degrees warmer than the escarpment itself. In the summer the area is significantly warmer than the surrounding escarpment area. This is not only due to the exposition of the area relative to the tucked away escarpment, but also the paved spaces of the roads and parking lots act as heat conductors. (Alberti, 2008, p.191)

Ground level grass areas are far less efficient than trees, mid-level bushes and shrubs with storing and transpiring back water into the atmosphere (Alberti, 2008, p.205). Rainwater, as mentioned above, is carried away by storm sewers and absorbed into the ground so that there is little opportunity for cooling to take place after a summer rain. "Evaporation happens much quicker with human manipulation which puts more weight on heating [and cooling] with hardly any energy exchange taking place." (Alberti, 2008, 192)

Theal House has an interesting history. The following synopsis comes from Alun Hughes' article, The Theal House At Brock University:

European settlement took place in 1780. It was after the Revolutionary war in 1787 that settlers began surveying the land, dividing "the land into townships and the townships into 100 acre lots" (2009, p.8). These lots were designated for "loyalist refugees, discharged soldiers, former Rangers and loyal natives" (Hughes 2009, p.8).

Prior to this time when deforestation had began, there were no signs of human inhabitants in the area (Hughes, 2009, pp.7).

George Turney, who served as a cadet with Butler's Rangers in the revolutionary war, became the first patent owner of this distinct parallelogram shaped lot – lot 18, concession 10, in the Township of Grantham, today known as St. Catharines (Hughes, 2009, p.8).

In 1805 the George Turney sold the lot to Thomas Lane who later on committed treason during the war of 1812 by fleeing to America. After the war in 1814 the property was forfeited to the Crown. The land then had to be sold for private ownership, so in 1818 a five member board, The Commissioners of Forfeited Estates, was appointed to record the cases of forfeited lands then redistribute them by public auction (Hughes, 2009, p.8).

After lot 18 had been auctioned off in 1829 it was discovered that Samuel Theal purchased the lot in1825 from George Turney Jr., son of the original patent owner. George Turney had been killed in the battle of Chippewa in 1814 and it was assumed that George Jr. was unaware of the transaction made between Mr Lane and his father in 1805. After investigating the case the government found that there were no records supporting the validity of the Turney-Lane transaction. After recognizing Samuel Theal's claim of ownership to be valid, the Commission sold the property to Theal for 5 shillings (Hughes, 2009, p.9).

As for the building of the The Theal house, there is no documentation telling when or who built it. However, according to Alun Hughes there is sound evidence pointing to the chance that Samuel Theal had built it. (2009, p.10). Theal family members remained in the house until 1909, and between them owned more of Brock's land for a longer period than anyone else (Hughes, 2009, p.10).

Samuel Theal once knew Sir Isaac Brock. It was Isaac Brock who promised Samuel land in the region of Upper Canada, after Samuel and his family were forced to forfeit their property and flee America after the death of his father who fought for the Crown in the Revolutionary war (Hughes, 2009, 9). Nothing ever became of that exchange because Sir Isaac Brock died in the war of 1812 shortly thereafter Theal and Brock's spoken agreement. Coincidently, it was Samuel Theal's great-great granddaughter, Florence Egerter "who drafted the key resolution passed by the Allanburg Women's Institute in 1957 asking" that the Provincial Government consider building a University in the Niagara Peninsula (Hughes, 2009, p.10). The government did and placed it right on where the Theal property had been, appropriately naming the school after Sir Isaac Brock.The house was appraised in 1969 by Peter Stokes and Jon Jouppien. They concluded that the approximate time it was built was the first half of the 19th century after Samuel Theal had been granted ownership of the lot. The only structural indication of this was by the Hand Dressed stone work that had been the fashion during that period. The Stone of the structure was the only remaining original feature left after a fire had engulfed the house, destroying all the wood work. The time of the fire is unknown. Because of the damage and the fact that the Theal house is not a Historical home, the appraisal concluded that it was worth close to nothing architecturally. (Jouppien & Stokes, 1969).

Since the campus had been built the Theal House, formerly known as the Symphony house, Turney house and field house, has been put to many uses – from housing the St, Catharines Symphony in the 1970's to providing a space for student groups such as the campus radio station, CFBU, and OPIRG. The house was appropriately named 'Theal House' in 2009 when it became the office for campus parking services.

It is interesting to learn the multifunctional purposes it served over the years - from domestic agricultural homestead to home of cultural and institutional groups. Through the practical uses of the structure and the use of land space around reflects the the economic and cultural values of the owners and operators of that given period in the historical narrative. Today, we live in a highly automobile-dependent society with a one- track focus of getting from point A to point B as quickly as possible. The Theal house reflects just that, not only in its purpose but in its location. Because of this people are recognizing that there needs to be a change of gears (pun not intended) on how we function as a society and our values and priorities. This awareness has manifested through the D.I.G. community garden.

Education / Interpretation

Despite that the Theal house sits on the property of post-secondary institution and a portion of escarpment reserve, there is a lack of critical education directed to the very construction of the campus in terms of its misuse and lack of regard for land space. The highly imperial, unnatural aesthetic of the area is indicative of the socio-economic image the school wants to portray to the national and international world of academics. Brock's website stresses that it is a school "committed to the protection of the environment, the health of the broader community and the well-being of future generations" and that "Sustainability is a core value [of theirs]" (Sustainability at Brock, 2010). Evidently this is not the case.

Rarely does one see any students using the green spaces for recreation, leisure or study. The energy and costs to maintain the grounds far exceed the energy and rewards it could give back to the students. As Hough states in his chapter, City Farming, "The tendency for cookie-pattern park design in multicultural neighborhoods does not recognize that different physical expressions for parks evolve from understanding the cultural, psychological and behavioural needs of the people who use them" (2010). There are over 18,000 students and faculty who attend Brock from a plethora of different backgrounds, yet hardly anyone uses the open space to his or her cultural and academic benefit.

D.I.G., which is an acronym that stands for Develop Integrate and Grow, is a student operated community garden, founded in 2012. It exists to provide aid amidst lost connections and values towards land spaces and natural habitats. It aims is to educate students on the current food crisis, and on the social and environmental implications that stem from corporate dominated food systems. Hough states that currently there are only 11 main species of plants that comprise the majority of our global food system (2010, p.161). If diversity is an indicator of health then "Huston, we have a problem."

Unfortunately, Brock does little to address this sobering fact as it serves the interests Sodexo, the campus food provider very well. Hough points out that "Urban agriculture is increasingly becoming a necessary urban land-use function that should be publicly supported as long as poverty, hunger, multi-cultural traditions and long-connected recreational trends continue to influence city life and city form" (2010, p.178). Most students live below the poverty line; some students go hungry and are susceptible to poor eating habits when they're away from home. Also, depression is prevalent during the school year, as many students lose supportive connections while studying. DIG is aware of this, so it aims to provide a platform where students

can reconnect not only to nature, but to themselves and to supportive networks.

Also, D.I.G. aims to integrate a multidisciplinary approach to outdoor learning by inviting other departments to use the garden space for circular and extracurricular learning. Last summer, DIG offered the garden to the summer sculpting class for inspiration and reference towards the student's final projects. At the end of their term they held a day time exhibit at the garden for the class's final projects.

Brock's landscape has the potential to be utilized for intergraded multi-dimensional learning while building communities both between humans and humans with wildlife. Outdoor activities can be extended beyond the basic leisure of urban dwellers and the promise multi-functional, sustainable land space can become a normalized reality with some perseverance.

Context and Connectivity

The Brock University campus is a unique area in that it is a large institution nestled within an ecological reserve. To the west of the campus lies the natural forested area of the escarpment; to the east are networks of highways and local roadways. The roadways to the east of campus act as the axis point of intercity automobile travel. When one leaves the Brock campus, in a matter of minutes he or she will be on the road leading to any given area of the region. As such, the roadways on campus echo the same fluidity, garnering ease of access and keeping congestion to a minimum. For a school that sits on the outer reaches of the region's major cities – St. Catharines, Niagara Falls and Welland – automobiles and busses are integral parts of campus life. Without seamless passage ways for motor vehicles, the campus wouldn't be able to accommodate over 18,000 students and faculty. It is this ease of mobile access that dictates the current landscape of the Brock Campus.

Figure 7.0 A Google Map screen shot of the Brock campus and surrounding area.

The land that the Brock campus sits is located within a UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) designated Biosphere Reserve. The Campus is mandated to pursue a high standard of sustainable practices in the maintenance and governance of the surrounding escarpment area. A sustainable coordinating committee (SCC) is assigned the task of making sure this mandate is being followed and communicates with facilities management in making sure that mandate is fulfilled completely. (Brock sustainability website, 2010)

"Biosphere reserves are sites established by countries and recognized under UNESCO's Man and the Biosphere (MAB) Programme to promote sustainable development based on local community efforts and sound science." (UNESCO Website, 2014)

Brock is a public university which operates under provincial government charters. The Campus is boarded by regional boundaries and is fragmented by a municipal boundary line diving the cities of St. Catharines and Thorold, at St. Davids road just south of the Theal house.

The Niagara Escarpment Commission (NEC), an agency of the Ontario's Ministry of Natural resources, is a board of 17 members and a chair appointed to regulate and monitor development adjacent to the Escarpment. The escarpment is protected under the Niagara Escarpment Planning and Development Act as well as the Niagara Escarpment Plan (NEP). (Ontario Niagara Escarpment website, 2014)

Development on and maintenance of the campus outdoor space is all regulated and governed by the jurisdictional bodies as noted above. Grounds keeping, which is a division of Facilities Management, oversees the general maintenance and landscaping of the campus area. Facilities Management is responsible for anything pertaining to maintenance, operations, and development on camps. (Brock Facilities Management website, 2010)

Brock University

500 Glenridge Avenue
St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada
L2S 3A1

Phone: 905-688-5550

DIG: Brock Community Garden

Website: http://www.yourbrock.org/garden/
Facebook and Twitter: Brock Dig

Sustainability at Brock

E-mail: sustainability@brocku.ca

Brock Facilities Management

John Dick - jdick@brocku.ca
Joanne Phelan - facilities.management@brocku.ca
Maintenance and Operations 905-688-5550 X3717

Environmental Sustainability Research Centre

E-mail: ESRC@brocku.ca.
Website: http://www.brocku.ca/environmental-sustainability-research-centre

The Historical Society of St. Catharines

Box 25017
221 Glendale Ave., Pen Centre
St. Catharines, ON L2T 4C4

Website: http://stcatharineshistory.wordpress.com/category/st-catharines/

Niagara Escarpment Commission

99 King Street East, P.O. Box 308
Thornbury, ON N0H 2P0
Telephone: 519-599-3340

Fax: 519-599-6326
Contact for Niagara Region: Martin Kilian
Phone: 905-877-7524
E-mail: martin.kilian@ontario.ca

Literature Cited

Brock University. (2010). Sustainability at Brock. Retrieved October 25, 2014, from http://brocku.ca/sustainabilityatbrock/about

Alberti, M. (2008). Landscape Signatures. In Advances in Urban Ecology: Integrating humans and ecological processes in urban ecosystems (pp. 93-112). New York: Springer.Brock University Library Catalogue, EBSCOhost (accessed Sept 28th, 2014).

Alberti, M. (2008). Hydrological Processes. In Advances in Urban Ecology: Integrating humans and ecological processes in urban ecosystems (pp. 133-161). New York: Springer. Brock University Library Catalogue, EBSCOhost (accessed Sept 28th, 2014).

Alberti, M. (2008) [Digitized aerial photos], p.147. Retrieved on October 29th, 2014

Biosphere Reserves | United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. (2014, January 1). Retrieved October 17, 2014, from http://www.unesco.org/new/en/natural-sciences/environment/ecological-sciences/biosphere- reserves

Brock Campus, 2013 [air photo]. (2014). Google Maps

Brock Campus, 1960 [air photo]. (2014) Niagara Region: Area Municipalities and Partners. Retrieved from https://www.brocku.ca/library/collections/MDG/brock-campus-aerial-views on October 25th, 2014.

Brock Campus, 1965. [air photo]. (2014) Niagara Region: Area Municipalities and Partners. Retrieved from https://www.brocku.ca/library/collections/MDG/brock-campus-aerial-views on October 25th, 2014.

Brock Campus, 1989. [air photo]. (2014) Niagara Region: Area Municipalities and Partners. Retrieved from https://www.brocku.ca/library/collections/MDG/brock-campus-aerial-views on October 25th, 2014.

Brock Campus, 2000. [air photo]. (2014) Niagara Region: Area Municipalities and Partners. Retrieved from https://www.brocku.ca/library/collections/MDG/brock-campus-aerial-views on October 25th, 2014.

Brock Campus, 2006.[air photo]. (2014) Niagara Region: Area Municipalities and Partners. Retrieved from https://www.brocku.ca/library/collections/MDG/brock-campus-aerial-views on October 25th, 2014.

Brock Campus, 2013. [air photo]. (2014) Niagara Region: Area Municipalities and Partners. Retrieved from https://www.brocku.ca/library/collections/MDG/brock-campus-aerial-views on October 25th, 2014.

Brock Campus, 2014. [Satellite photo]. (2014). Retrieved from Google Maps November 4, 2014.

Brock University. (2014, October 21). Retrieved November 4, 2014, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brock_University

Brown, D., Middleton, J., & Vaughan, K. (2010, January 1). The Land Between the Lakes – An Overview of the

Niagara Region. Part One: The Niagara Region, 41-55.

Grounds Keeping. (2010). Retrieved October 25, 2014, from http://brocku.ca/sustainabilityatbrock/initiatives/grounds-keeping

Hough, M. (2004). Plants and Plant Communities. Cities and Natural Process : A Basis for Sustainability. (pp.

86- 129). London: Routledge. Brock University eBook Collection (EBSCOhost), EBSCOhost (accessed September 28th, 2014).

Hough, M. (2004). Wildlife. Cities and Natural Process : A Basis for Sustainability. (pp. 130 - 159). London: Routledge. Brock University eBook Collection (EBSCOhost), EBSCOhost (accessed September 28th, 2014).

Hough, M. (2004). City Farming. Cities and Natural Process : A Basis for Sustainability. (pp. 159 - 188). London: Routledge. Brock University eBook Collection (EBSCOhost), EBSCOhost (accessed September 24th, 2014).

Hughes, A. (2009, June 1). The Theal House at Brock: A look back with Alun Hughes.Historical Society of St. Catharines Newsletter, 41-55.

Hughes, A. (2009, June 1). The Theal House at Brock: A look back with Alun Hughes.Historical Society of St. Catharines Newsletter. [digitized map image]. (1869).

Kamiski, C. (2005, October 18). Brock University: Home to Rare Osage Trees. Retrieved from http://www.brockpress.com/2005/10/brock-university-home-to-rare-osage-trees/ on Oct. 25th, 2014.

Lefebvre, B. (2011, September 28). [digital image].The end of Winter at Pine Creek Waste Water Treatment Plant. Retrieved October 29, 2014, from http://www.birdscalgary.com/tag/killdeer/

Moriyama's legacy in bloom at Brock. (2010, April 21). Retrieved October 25, 2014, from http://www.brocku.ca/brock-news/?p=2738#sthash.NATiCRef.dpuf

Stokes, P. (1969, August 18). Symphony House, Brock University. St. Catharines, Ont. The author, 1969.

The Original campus Plan. (2010, March 5). Retrieved October 4, 2014, from http://www.brocku.ca/campusplan/

Universities in Canada. (2014, July 20). Retrieved November 4, 2014, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brock_University

Welcome to the Niagara Escarpment Commission. (2014). Retrieved November 4, 2014, from http://www.escarpment.org/home/index.php

This Local Landscape Report was prepared by Rebecca Hunt for the Brock University course TMGT 2P94: Human Dominated Ecosystems on October 22nd, 2015.

All copyrights for cited material rest with the original copyright owners.