PAXTON LANE, St Davids, Ontario
Paxton Lane is a road located at the base of the Niagara Escarpment in St Davids, Ontario. It is approximately 895 meters long. The road is divided into two sections; the older portion is located off of York Road, and the newer portion is part of the recently developed subdivision known as The Settlement, which is located off of Four Mile Creek Road. Paxton Lane is a primarily residential area equipped with its own catch basin and golf course, as well as it is home to two historic buildings that are a part of the St Davids self-guided walking tour; the buildings include the Paxton House and Locust Hall ("Commemorative Walking Tour," 2019). Historically, the older part of Paxton Lake was the main road in St Davids, as well as part of the original native North and South trail that connected Lake Ontario and Lake Erie (Ascenzo, 2018). During the war of 1812, the building known as the Solomon Quick's Tavern housed General Drummond and Colonel Murry as they planned the capture of Fort Niagara (Ascenzo, 2018), but it has since been taken down. Moreover, some say the heroic Laura Ingersoll Secord walked Paxton Lane in 1813 and rested in the Paxton House during her journey to warn General Fitzgibbon (Ontario Heritage Trust, 2015). In the late 1900s, before the second part of Paxton Lane was built, it was home to the Glockner family mushroom farm, the Steele family apple orchard, and a driving range (D. Steele, personal communication, September 29, 2020). In recent years, there have been minimal changes to the older part of Paxton Lane due to the historical significance of many of the buildings but, the changes to the new section of Paxton Lane have been significant as over 40 houses have been built in the last decade. Various archeological digs have occurred which, have uncovered human remains and historical artifacts, thus construction on the last few remaining open spaces has been halted. As someone who has lived in the area for several years, it has been disheartening but also incredible to see all the changes the area has undergone in such a short period of time.
Municipality: Niagara-on-the-Lake, Ontario (Canada)
Local area name: St. Davids, Ontario (Canada)
Other identifying names or descriptions: Paxton Lane
Latitude and longitude: 43°09'30.3"N 79°06'02.4"W
Physical Dimensions
Length: 389m (old Paxton Lane) and 540m (new Paxton Lane)
Width: 2.5m (old Paxton Lane) and 2.4m (new Paxton Lane)
Surface Area: 1641.86m² (old Paxton Lane) and 2192.13m² (new Paxton Lane)
Elevation (highest/ lowest point)
118m / 127m (old Paxton Lane) and 133m / 129m (new Paxton Lane)
Paxton Lane is a two-part road in St. Davids, Ontario. Old Paxton Lane can be accessed from York Road, whereas new Paxton Lane is accessed from Four Mile Creek Road. Decades prior, Paxton Lane was an Indigenous trail, and later on, various influential persons during the war of 1812 inhabited the area. Conversely, the area of new Paxton Lane has undergone significant changes to its landscape; it went from an agricultural field to an urbanized subdivision. The two roads are separated by the parking lot of the St. Davids Golf Course and an open area that is currently undergoing an archeological dig for remnants from the pre-European and war years. This report will assess the ecological, geomorphic, hydrological, historical, cultural, and ownership of both old and new Paxton Lane before and after the significant human-induced changes.
Map 1: The Entrance to Old Paxton Lane in St. Davids, Ontario
Due to the lack of specific information on the ecological features of Paxton Lane, the following section will be, in essence, broader in context. Considering Paxton Lane's proximity to the Niagara Escarpment, we can assume that the Paxton Lane area was once rich with biodiversity. The Niagara Escarpment is home to:
The diverse habitats along the Niagara Escarpment, which include bogs, marshes, forests, meadows, etc. make it an advantageous place for many species to inhabit (Niagara Escarpment Commission, 2020). Additionally, the Niagara Escarpment is home to approximately forty percent of Ontario's at-risk species (Niagara Escarpment Commission, 2020). The Government of Ontario (2019) provides an extended list of species that are extirpated, endangered, threatened, and/or of special concern in the Niagara Region. Some of the species include:
To read more about the at-risk species in the Niagara Region, click here. Today, the urban development has created "ornamental and biologically sterile tree and lawn landscapes… [that] offer little in the way of food, shelter or breeding places for wildlife" (Hough, 2004, p. 134). Therefore, the only wildlife seen around both old and new Paxton Lane are the more adaptable, native species, including the black squirrel, raccoon, rabbit, and skunk.
The new portion of Paxton Lane, located at the base of the Niagara Escarpment, has undergone significant changes to its landscape. Up until the late 1900s, new Paxton Lane was an agricultural field: both fruit trees (apple, cherries, peaches) and mushrooms were grown on this plot of the land (D. Steele, personal communication, September 29, 2020). When the property was sold, the land was quickly prepped for residential development by the removal of the surface vegetation. Unfortunately, the "disturbance of the natural environment through human activity sets up imbalances in plant and animal communities" (Hough, 2004, p. 131). As a result of urban development, many animals lost their habitat and food source, which meant they needed to either adapt to the new conditions or relocate to survive. To rectify their actions and bring greenery back to the area, the town of Niagara-on-the-Lake has planted a maple tree on every property along the road. As noted by Hough, urban development causes many native plant species to be replaced with non-native, horticultural species, which "signifies a loss of bioregional connections and the sense of being grounded in the native landscape" (Hough, 2004, p. 11). Additionally, Hough (2004) notes that the ideal tree for urban areas are those that are symmetrical and perfectly formed, fast-growing but long-lived, and free of any inconveniences; thus, meaning no thorns, peeling bark, or slippery leaves. The maple tree is native to Canada, low maintenance, and aesthetically pleasing, which made it the ideal tree for the area of new Paxton Lane.
Figure 1: A Maple Tree Along Paxton Lane in the Fall Season (own photo)
The landscape of old Paxton Lane has remained relatively the same since approximately the 1930s. As evidenced in satellite imagery, there were two sections of land near Paxton Lane that bore fruit frees; unfortunately, there was no accessible documented information highlighting the specifics. The area is home to numerous native and non-native trees that have occupied the land for hundreds of years, as evidenced by their circumference, height, and diameter. The species native to Niagara that can be found on old Paxton Lane include the White Cedar, White Ash, White Pine, and Sugar Maple (Niagara Peninsula Conservation Authority, 2014). The other trees that can be found on old Paxton Lane include variations of Poplar, Elm, Oak, Beech, and Birch trees.
Figure 2: Various Species of Tree and Shrubbery Along Old Paxton Lane (own photo)
Southern Ontario, thus Paxton Lane, was shaped by the recession of the Wisconsin Glacier (Giant Rib Escarpment Education Network [GREEN], 2014). As the ice sheets, that were approximately two kilometres high receded, bedrock was left behind. The bedrock includes "fine- and coarse-grained material, generally more than 3 feet thick, that developed as a result of mass wastage of bedrock and Quaternary drift" (Feenstra, 1972). Additionally, the glacial till pushed and/or pulled the top-soils and sedimentary rock along its path (GREEN, 2014). Both deep and shallow water glacial lake sediments occupy the Niagara area. The shallow water sands at St. Davids may be "derived from adjacent higher source areas to the south by run-off into a lake(s) with a much lower elevation but higher than that of Lake Iroquois" (Feenstra, 1972) as it is primarily erosional bluff. Additionally, the glacial recession caused the creation of moraines, drumlins, rivers, ravines, gorges, etc., but more specifically to Paxton Lane was the creation of the St. Davids Bench.
The St. Davids bench is several meters above the Lake Iroquois Plain and is 10km from Lake Ontario; the appellation's elevation is 145 to 105 meters above sea level (Vintner's Quality Alliance Ontario [VQA Ontario], 2020). The elevation and bluffs surrounding the appellation shield it from the "strong, cool south-westerly winds that prevail in the spring" (VQA Ontario, 2020). When the glaciers carved out the Niagara Escarpment, the bench rose "from the historic shoreline of Lake Iroquois towards the base of the escarpment where a steep ridge collects the lake breezes to circulate and then eddy them back over the plains" (VQA Ontario, 2020). These features have allowed Niagara-on-the-Lake to remain a prominent figure in the viticulture industry.
Additionally, the soil composition in St. Davids makes it an advantageous spot for agricultural growth and viticulture. The red sandstone bedrock is covered by deep, rich clay that is a mix of silty clay and clay loam. The sub-soils hold and slowly drain the water from snowmelt and rain in the winter months, which helps to irrigate the crops during the growth seasons (VQA Ontario, 2020).
Figure 3: The Soil Properties of the St. Davids Bench.
(The BLUE arrow indicates the approximate location of Paxton Lane)
The main hydrogeological feature of Paxton Lane is the manmade stormwater management pond. The purpose of the basin is to "convey runoff rapidly to stream channels and mitigate the effects of increased runoff" (Alberti, 2008, p. 80). The water is released into creeks, wetlands, and lakes at a rate that prevents flooding or erosion. Many urban subdivisions implement a stormwater management pond because of the numerous impervious surfaces, including roads, roofs, and sidewalks, that "increase the speed at which rainwater and snowmelt enter the stormwater drainage system" (GC-DEV-MBC-ADMIN, 2014). The basin serves as a buffer for the stormwater drainage systems already in place as they are typically old and unable to accommodate the increase (GC-DEV-MBC-ADMIN, 2014). The basin not only improves drainage and prevents flooding in the subdivision, but it has become a space where individuals can enjoy with benches and a pathway that encircles the basin.
Figure 4: The Stormwater Management Pond Located in New Paxton Lane (own photo)
A nearby hydrological feature of Paxton Lane is the Four Mile Creek; it runs parallel to the road, flows through the backyards of those living on old Paxton Lane, and empties into Lake Ontario. In 1836, the Stamford Spring Brewery and Distillery, built by John Sleeman of Cornwall, England, was constructed (Ascenzo, 2018) and "utilized the waters of the Four Mile Creek as its source of power" (Petrie, 1977). It underwent four different ownerships until eventually the Dixon family bought the brewery in 1900 and turned it into a water bottling plant (Ascenzo, 2018). The Dixon family bottled the fresh spring water from the Four Mile Creek and it became a sought-after commodity until the end of the First World War when it closed (Ascenzo, 2018). Additionally, the mere existence of St. Davids is largely because of the Four Mile Creek; it provided the Indigenous peoples with various benefits (Niagara-on-the-Lake Museum, 2010). A major benefit was the presence of a valuable food source; the Brook Trout ("Niagara-on-the-Lake Watershed Plan," 2005). Today, due to urban development, the flow rate and Brook Trout population of Four Mile Creek has decreased, and the turbidity has increased ("Niagara-on-the-Lake Watershed Study," 2008). As Hough notes, traditional drainage systems assist in maintaining well-drained streets, but the consequences are "paid for by the environmental costs of eroded streams, flooding, and impairment of water quality in downstream water sources" (Hough, 2004, p. 8). The urban development has damaged the flora along the riparian corridor, which has resulted in increased sedimentation and pollution in the creek and the groundwater ("Niagara-on-the-Lake Watershed Study," 2008). To address these issues, the Town has constructed a Watershed Plan to hopefully restore the wildlife and water quality of the creek.
Figure 5: A Small Portion of Four Mile Creek that Runs Parallel to Four Mile Creak Road (own photo)
Climate change has been a prominent issue affecting countries across the globe. Climate change itself is noted as a "long-term shift in weather conditions identified by changes in temperature, precipitation, winds, and other indicators" (Government of Canada, 2019). According to Penny (2012), the changes in climate that have already occurred in the Niagara Region include:
Future predictions for the Niagara Region include:
The Earth's climate can be affected by natural occurring processes, but the main contributors to climate change are humans. The two main human activities that influence climate change the most is the burning of fossil fuels and the conversion of forested land to agriculture (Government of Canada, 2019). The burning of fossil fuels produces carbon dioxide, which is a harmful greenhouse gas that remains within the Earth's atmosphere for a long time (Government of Canada, 2019). Greenhouse gasses warm the Earth's surface, which could lead to unprecedented warmer temperatures in the future, and potentially have negative economic, social, and environmental consequences (Government of Canada, 2019).
The area of new Paxton Lane has undergone significant developmental changes to its landscape over the last decade, which has undoubtedly had an impact on the local climate and microclimate. As noted by Hough, human development "has modified micro-climates to suit particular needs and local conditions" (Hough, 2004, p. 188). The destruction of the green space for the road itself, as well as the construction of the homes lining the street, are the main contributors. First, as noted by Fan (2017), most of the equipment used in construction is diesel-powered, thus emitting greenhouse gasses and other air pollutants. Now that settlement construction is almost complete, there will be a significant reduction in construction-related emissions.
The two human activities that continue to have a negative impact on the environment, happening on both old and new Paxton Lane, is the usage of heating and cooling systems and the heat conduction from paved surfaces. As noted by Hough (2004), heating and cooling systems produce carbon dioxide, chlorofluorocarbons, methane, and other greenhouse gasses. In the winter, indoor heat seeps into the exterior and in the summer, air conditioners pump hot air to the exterior, which has an impact on the outside temperature. Moreover, the paved and impervious surfaces of and along Paxton Lane are heat conductors. These surfaces absorb heat energies and distribute them onto other surfaces, consequently heating the Earth's atmosphere.
Archaeological Influences
The specific information pertaining to the Indigenous and pre-European settlement of Paxton Lane is unknown; therefore, this portion will be broad in context. The focus of this section will primarily be on the history of Niagara-on-the-Lake, which encompasses the quaint community of St. Davids, where Paxton Lane is located.
The first settlers in the area were those of an Indigenous tribe known as the Mound builders who migrated from the Ohio Valley in approximately 100 AD ("History of Niagara-on-the-Lake," 2016). The tribe was later replaced by their ancestors of the Six Nations Confederacy, in roughly 500 AD (Town of Niagara-on-the-Lake, 2016). ("History of Niagara-on-the-Lake," 2016). In the mid-1600s, a war between the Iroquois and Chonnonton erupted, which resulted in the defeat of the Chonnonton; later, the Mississauga natives established themselves on the shore of the Canadian side of the Niagara River ("History of Niagara-on-the-Lake," 2016). Between the years of 1600-1700, the Europeans began to settle on the land, and trade relations were established ("History of Niagara-on-the-Lake," 2016). The first European settler was Etienne Brule in 1615, followed by the French explorers ("History of Niagara-on-the-Lake," 2016). In 1756-1763, the war known as The Seven Years' War occurred at Fort Niagara; the British, Prussian, and Hanover's were against the French, Austrian, Swedish, Russian, Spanish, and Saxony (Jaenen, 2013). The British goal was to claim possession of the French colonies, destroy their navy and merchant fleet, and eliminate the French from any trade relations (Jaenen, 2013). In 1763, the Treaty of Paris was signed by the French, British, and Spanish which signified the end of the war (Jaenen, 2013). The treaty granted the British Fort Niagara, as well as negotiations by Sir William Johnson with the Native population, secured them a portion of land along both sides of the Niagara River ("History of Niagara-on-the-Lake," 2016).
Land Use History
During the American Revolution (1776-1786), individuals who were loyal to the British Crown fled to Fort Niagara, where Colonel John Butler was forced to "cultivate the west bank of the river" ("History of Niagara-on-the-Lake," 2016) to provide for the refugees. In 1782, there were eighty-four known settlers, which increased to eight hundred by 1785 ("History of Niagara-on-the-Lake," 2016). In 1791, the British government utilised a military grid that "was laid out in four acre parcels subdivided into one acre lots" ("History of Niagara-on-the-Lake," 2016) to organize the land. By 1792, Newark, now known as Niagara-on-the-Lake, became the hub for all governmental processes and was governed by John Graves Simcoe ("History of Niagara-on-the-Lake," 2016). In 1796, the proveniences government was moved to Toronto as Fort Niagara was yielded to the Americans and Newark then became the hub for military and social life ("History of Niagara-on-the-Lake," 2016). Newark was a commercial center; a portage route from Chippawa to Queenston was established, as well as its close proximity to the United States of America enhanced its status.
The one documented historical usage, specifically pertaining to Paxton Lane, was its usage as a trail for the Indigenous peoples; it was part of the north-south route that connected the two Great Lakes: Lake Erie and Lake Ontario (Ascenzo, 2018). Additionally, it became one of the main roads for trade and travel as it connected with Portage Road in Niagara Falls, Ontario. Old Paxton Lane was primarily used for residential and agricultural use (Ascenzo, 2018).
Education/ Interpretation:
Unfortunately, due to its current use as residential land, Paxton Lane itself does not have any educational or interpretive resources available for the public. To learn more about the area, as well as the entire town of Niagara-on-the-Lake, visitors can visit:
These venues may have limited information on Paxton Lane specifically but, they will be able to give visitors an idea of the historical and cultural background involving and surrounding Paxton Lane. Additionally, on July 19th, 2014, the St Davids Heritage Committee led a walking tour to commemorate the 200th Anniversary of the Burning of St Davids. The map and itinerary for the self-guided walk have been posted online for public use and can be accessed by clicking the following hyperlinks- walking tour map and itinerary. The tour will guide you through the community of St. Davids, making three stops on the old Paxton Lane at Locust Hall, the Secord-Paxton House, and the former land of the Solomon Quick Tavern. Please read the safety guidelines outlined on the itinerary, as well as exercise caution when participating in the self-guided tour. On Paxton Lane, there are no sidewalks, and the walking surfaces can be uneven. Lastly, the book A village in the shadows: The remarkable story of St Davids, Ontario by Dorothy Walker, available for preview and/ or purchase on Google Books and other online platforms, is an exceptional resource that uncovers the history of St. Davids, as well as it has information pertaining to old Paxton Lane. It highlights the families who formerly inhabited the plots of land along Paxton Lane as well as provides additional information about each of the historic buildings and the events that occurred in the general vicinity.
Architectural Heritage
Unfortunately, new Paxton Lane has adopted a conventional suburban development model that is widespread, which demonstrates the collective cultural values and modes of habitation of the early 20th century; therefore, the structures are not considered historic as of yet. Conversely, old Paxton Lane is home to two historic buildings; Locust Hall and the Secord-Paxton House.
Locust Hall:
Locust Hall is a Georgian style home that was built between 1820-1823; its name was derived from the numerous Locust trees in the area (Wilkinson, 2003). In 1814, it was burned to the ground where Richard (King Dick) Woodruff contracted Stoughton Moore to rebuild it (Wilkinson, 2003). Unfortunately, Moore went broke, and the financial debt was assumed by the Woodruff family (Wilkinson, 2003). Today, the 6th generation of Woodruff's occupy the home (Wilkinson, 2003). The doorway of Locust Hall has been sketched and published in Charles W. Jeffery's The picture gallery of Canadian history Vol. II, as well as the white dining room mantel has been listed in the Royal Ontario Museum (Wilkinson, 2003). Lastly, the Woodruff family has conducted their own archeological dig between their house and York Road and have uncovered the foundations of the old Woodruff barn ("St. Davids Commemmorative Walking Tour," 2014).
Figure 6: Locust Hall- 1 Paxton Lane (own photo)
Secord-Paxton House:
The Secord-Paxton House was built between 1785-1790 (Wilkinson, 2003). The building is made of stone and rubble with two-inch-thick walls (Wilkinson, 2003). The land was first owned by Peter Secord, who transferred it to his son David Secord Jr. who then gave it to Major David Secord (Wilkinson, 2003). In 1813, the house was inhabited by Hannah Secord and her family (Wilkinson, 2003). It is said that during the war of 1812, the heroine Laura Secord stopped at the house while on her way to warn Fitzgibbon about the coming American Attack, which ultimately resulted in the Canadian/ Indigenous victory at the Battle of Beaverdams (Wilkinson, 2003). Over the years, the property has gone through the ownership of the Secord, Woodruff, Hanniwell, and Paxton families (Wilkinson, 2003). To view both the inside and outside features of the Secord-Paxton House, click here. Today, a consortium has begun developing on the property and has been designated as an archaeological site (Wilkinson, 2003). On warm days, you will be able to see the individuals participating in the archeological dig who are working on uncovering historical artifacts dating back to the pre-European years. The archeological diggers have uncovered materials, such as brick, nails, window glass, as well as a clay pipe used for smoking tobacco and a thimble (Walter, 2020). The archeological dig is occurring on land that was zoned residential by the town of Niagara-on-the-Lake, but development will not occur until the dig is complete.
Solomon Quick Tavern:
The Solomon Quick's Tavern was removed approximately 100 years ago (R. Woodruff, personal communication, October 30, 2020). It was a brick building that was one of the only structures to survive the burning of St. Davids in 1814 ("Commemorative Walking Tour of St. Davids," 2014). Figure 7 shows a saltshaker retrieved by Richard Woodruff before the tavern was torn down and converted into parking spaces for the St. Davids Golf Club.
Figure 7: A Salt Shaker from Solomon Quick's Tavern (own photo)
Paxton Lane, in its entirety, is under the municipal jurisdiction of the town of Niagara-on-the- Lake. Historically, the area of new Paxton Lane was dually owned; the Northern portion was the Glockner family mushroom farm and the Southern portion was the Steele family fruit farm (D. Steele, personal communication, September 29, 2020). Both families individually sold their land. Until recently, the land ownership was once again divided between two parties: Centennial Construction and Jack Lowry. Lowry, who owned the Northern portion of the road, has since released his ownership of the land to the town of Niagara-on-the-Lake. As you enter the subdivision, an unassumed road sign is visible as the Southern portion is still owned by Centennial Construction. Those living on the southern side of Paxton Lane are required to pay taxes to the Town, as well as reap the benefits of public services, such as snow removal and lawn maintenance. Essentially, the Southern portion of new Paxton Lane follows the rules and regulations of the town of Niagara-on-the-Lake but is not officially owned by the Town. The Town is responsible for public grounds maintenance (roadway, grass areas, street lights, sewage, etc.) and house owners tend to the upkeep of their own properties. Public access is permitted but it should be noted that the surrounding properties are privately owned by its inhabitants.
Paxton Lane falls under Niagara-on-the-Lake's Comprehensive Zoning By-Law No. 4316-09. Zoning by-laws control all aspects of the land in a community, including lot sizes and dimensions and parking requirements, as well as the type, height, and location of buildings (Niagara-on-the-Lake, 2020). Paxton Lane is a low-density residential area that is affected by various by-laws, including by-law R1, RD-14, RM1-6, OS-6, and R1-6, each of which has affected the way landscapes of both old and new Paxton Lane. The complete list of zoning by-law requirements for the area of Paxton Lane can be accessed by clicking here. Below are some examples of a few of the requirements for each by law.
R1: Old Paxton Lane
RD-14: 46 Paxton Lane
RM1-6: Northern end of new Paxton Lane in The Settlement of St. Davids subdivision
OS-6
R1-6: The majority of new Paxton Lane in The Settlement of St. Davids subdivision
There is not one landscape that exists in isolation. As noted by Alberti, urban landscapes "are open, nonlinear, and highly unpredictable… highly heterogeneous, spatially nested, and hierarchically structured" (Alberti, 2008, p. 93). Even a road, as small as Paxton Lane, is connected to a greater surrounding.
Paxton Lane is surrounded by numerous other structures and landscapes. Across the road from Paxton Lane is the St Davids Lions Club Park and the First Presbyterian Church. Nearby is the main four-way intersection in St. Davids, which is surrounded by a restaurant (The Old Fire Hall), an Avondale store, and a real estate building. Moreover, as noted by Brown, Middleton, and Vaughan (2010), tourism is becoming Niagara's primary economic function, which reigns especially true for Niagara-on-the-Lake. As indicated by its supplementary name, Wine Country, the viticulture industry in Niagara-on-the-Lake has become increasingly more popular. The viticulture industry has sustained the economy, as well as brought numerous tourists to the area. Near Paxton Lane, there are numerous vineyards, including Ravine Estate Winery, Château des Charmes, and Five Row Craft Wine-Lowrey. Lastly, Old Paxton Lane runs perpendicular to York Road, and new Paxton Lane runs parallel with Four Mile Creek Road, which connects St. Davids to Virgil, Niagara Falls, Queenston, and St. Catharines. Additionally, Paxton Lane is approximately a 7-minute drive to the Queenston Lewiston Bridge, which connects Canada to the United States of America, and it is a 4-minute drive to Highway 405, which merges onto the Queen Elizabeth Way (QEW) and connects the Niagara Region to the Greater Toronto Area (GTA). These accessibility features, as well as the historic and aesthetically pleasing nature of Niagara-on-the-Lake, continue to make it a popular tourist destination.
Town of Niagara-on-the-Lake
1593 Four Mile Creek Road, PO Box 90
Virgil, Ontario L0S 1T0
CANADA
Phone: 905-468-3266
Fax: 905-468-2959
Email: info@notl.com
Reference List
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Walter, K. (2020, June 16). Buried history being uncovered in St. Davids. The Standard. https://www.stcatharinesstandard.ca/news/niagara-region/2020/05/31/buried-history-being-uncovered-in-st-davids.html
Wilkinson, E. (2003, May 24). St. Davids heritage day: Chronological history of St. Davids, Ontario and vicinity. The St. Davids Ratepayer Association.
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Images
Google. (n.d.). [Satellite Image of Paxton Lane]. Retrieved November 12, 2020, from https://www.google.ca/maps/place/Paxton+Ln,+Niagara-on-the-Lake,+ON/@43.1527933,-79.103141,17z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x89d35c87a0944269:0x164cc2fb698d378d!8m2!3d43.1527894!4d-79.1009523
Niagara Navigator. (n.d). [Satellite Imagery of Paxton Lane- 1934]. Retrieved November 12, 2020, from https://maps.niagararegion.ca/Navigator/
Niagara Navigator. (n.d). [Satellite Imagery of Paxton Lane- 2018] Retrieved November 12, 2020, from https://maps.niagararegion.ca/Navigator/
This Local Landscape Report was prepared by Jackie Campbell for the Brock University course TMGT 2P94: Human Dominated Ecosystems on November 12, 2020.
All copyrights for cited material rest with the original copyright owners.
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